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The island of Cuba was inhabited by various Mesoamerican cultures for phuda prior to its discovery by the Spanish explorer Christopher Columbus in 1492. After Columbus' arrival, Cuba became a Spanish colony, ruled by a Spanish governor in Havana. In 1762, Havana was briefly occupied by Great Britain, before being returned to Spain in exchange for Florida. A series of rebellions during the 19th century failed to end Spanish rule. However, the Spanish–American War resulted in a Spanish withdrawal from the island in 1898, and Cuba gained formal independence in 1902.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=A guide to the United States' history of recognition, diplomatic, and consular relations, by country, since 1776: Cuba )〕 In the years following its independence, the Cuban republic saw significant economic development, but also political corruption and a succession of despotic leaders, culminating in the overthrow of the dictator Fulgencio Batista by the 26th of July Movement, led by Fidel and Raúl Castro Ruz, during the 1953–9 Cuban Revolution. Cuba has been governed as a socialist state by the Communist Party under the leadership of the Castro brothers.〔("Castro Resigns" ). NPR. 19 February 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2013.〕 The country has been politically and economically isolated by the United States since the Revolution, but has gradually gained access to foreign commerce and travel as efforts to normalise diplomatic relations have progressed.〔〔 Domestic economic reforms are also beginning to modernize Cuba's socialist economy.〔 ==Pre-Columbian history== Cuba's earliest known human inhabitants colonised the island in the 4th millennium BC.〔Allaire, p.678〕 The oldest known Cuban archeological site, Levisa, dates from approximately 3100 BC.〔Allaire, p.686〕 A wider distribution of sites date from after 2000 BC, most notably represented by the Cayo Redondo and Guayabo Blanco cultures of western Cuba. These neolithic cultures utilised ground stone and shell tools and ornaments, including the dagger-like ''gladiolitos'', which are believed to have had a ceremonial role.〔Allaire, p.688〕 The Cayo Redondo and Guayabo Blanco cultures lived a subsistence lifestyle based on fishing, hunting and collecting wild plants.〔 Prior to Columbus' arrival, the indigenous Guanajatabey, who had inhabited Cuba for centuries, were driven to the far west of the island by the arrival of two subsequent waves of migrants, the Taíno and Siboney. These people, sometimes referred to as the neo-Taíno nations,〔Gott, Richard (2004). ''Cuba: A new history''. Yale University Press. Chapter 5.〕 had migrated north along the Caribbean island chain. The Taíno and Siboney were part of a cultural group commonly called the Arawak, who inhabited parts of northeastern South America prior to the arrival of Europeans. Initially, they settled at the eastern end of Cuba, before expanding westward across the island. The Spanish Dominican clergyman and writer Bartolomé de las Casas estimated that the neo-Taíno population of Cuba had reached 350,000 by the end of the 15th century. The Taíno cultivated the yuca root, harvested it and baked it to produce cassava bread. They also grew cotton and tobacco, and ate maize and sweet potatoes. According to Las Casas, they had "everything they needed for living; they had many crops, well arranged".〔''Historia de las Indias'' (vol. 3). Biblioteca Ayacucho: Caracas (1986). pp. 81–101.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of Cuba」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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